Chong, B. et al. Trends and predictions of malnutrition and obesity in 204 countries and territories: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. EClinicalMedicine 57, 101850 (2023).
Google Scholar
Tan, Q. et al. Recent Advances in Incretin-Based Pharmacotherapies for the Treatment of Obesity and Diabetes. Front. Endocrinol. 13, 838410 (2022).
Google Scholar
Martin, S. et al. Disease consequences of higher adiposity uncoupled from its adverse metabolic effects using Mendelian randomisation. Elife (2022).
Evans, M. et al. Obesity-related complications, healthcare resource use and weight loss strategies in six European countries: the RESOURCE survey. Int. J. Obes. 47, 750–757 (2023).
Google Scholar
Müller, T. D., Blüher, M., Tschöp, M. H. & DiMarchi, R. D. Anti-obesity drug discovery: advances and challenges. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 21, 201–223 (2022).
Google Scholar
De Luca, M. et al. Bariatric Surgery for Patients with Overweight/Obesity. A Comprehensive Grading Methodology and Network Metanalysis of Randomized Controlled Trials on Weight Loss Outcomes and Adverse Events. Obes. Surg. 33, 4147–4158 (2023).
Google Scholar
Adams, T. D. et al. Weight and Metabolic Outcomes 12 Years after Gastric Bypass. N. Engl. J. Med. 377, 1143–1155 (2017).
Google Scholar
Carlsson, L. M. S. et al. Life Expectancy after Bariatric Surgery in the Swedish Obese Subjects Study. N. Engl. J. Med. 383, 1535–1543 (2020).
Google Scholar
le Roux, C. W. et al. Tirzepatide for the treatment of obesity: Rationale and design of the SURMOUNT clinical development program. Obesity 31, 96–110 (2023).
Google Scholar
Chakhtoura, M. et al. Pharmacotherapy of obesity: an update on the available medications and drugs under investigation. EClinicalMedicine 58, 101882 (2023).
Google Scholar
Iannone, A. et al. Clinical outcomes associated with drugs for obesity and overweight: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 25, 2535–2544 (2023).
Google Scholar
Dąbrowska, A. M. & Dudka, J. Mirabegron, a Selective β3-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist, as a Potential Anti-Obesity Drug. J. Clin. Med. Res. 12, 6897 (2023).
Ma, H. et al. Efficacy and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists versus SGLT-2 inhibitors in overweight/obese patients with or without diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ Open 13, e061807 (2023).
Google Scholar
Wang, X., Wu, N., Sun, C., Jin, D. & Lu, H. Effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors on adipose tissue distribution in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 15, 113 (2023).
Google Scholar
Wadden, T. A. et al. Liraglutide 3.0 mg and Intensive Behavioral Therapy (IBT) for Obesity in Primary Care: The SCALE IBT Randomized Controlled Trial. Obesity 28, 529–536 (2020).
Google Scholar
Wadden, T. A. et al. Weight maintenance and additional weight loss with liraglutide after low-calorie-diet-induced weight loss: the SCALE Maintenance randomized study. Int. J. Obes. 37, 1443–1451 (2013).
Google Scholar
Pi-Sunyer, X. et al. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management. N. Engl. J. Med. 373, 11–22 (2015).
Google Scholar
le Roux, C. W. et al. 3 years of liraglutide versus placebo for type 2 diabetes risk reduction and weight management in individuals with prediabetes: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 389, 1399–1409 (2017).
Google Scholar
Kelly, A. S. et al. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Liraglutide for Adolescents with Obesity. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 2117–2128 (2020).
Google Scholar
Blackman, A. et al. Effect of liraglutide 3.0 mg in individuals with obesity and moderate or severe obstructive sleep apnea: the SCALE Sleep Apnea randomized clinical trial. Int. J. Obes. 40, 1310–1319 (2016).
Google Scholar
Garvey, W. T. et al. Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide 3.0 mg in Individuals With Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Basal Insulin: The SCALE Insulin Randomized Controlled Trial. Diabetes Care 43, 1085–1093 (2020).
Google Scholar
Davies, M. J. et al. Efficacy of Liraglutide for Weight Loss Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The SCALE Diabetes Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 314, 687–699 (2015).
Google Scholar
Kushner, R. F. et al. Semaglutide 2.4 mg for the Treatment of Obesity: Key Elements of the STEP Trials 1 to 5. Obesity 28, 1050–1061 (2020).
Google Scholar
Garvey, W. T. et al. Two-year effects of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 5 trial. Nat. Med. 28, 2083–2091 (2022).
Google Scholar
Rubino, D. et al. Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 325, 1414–1425 (2021).
Google Scholar
Wadden, T. A. et al. Effect of Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo as an Adjunct to Intensive Behavioral Therapy on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 325, 1403–1413 (2021).
Google Scholar
Wilding, J. P. H. et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N. Engl. J. Med. 384, 989–1002 (2021).
Google Scholar
Weghuber, D. et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adolescents with Obesity. N. Engl. J. Med. 387, 2245–2257 (2022).
Google Scholar
McGowan, B. M., Houshmand-Oeregaard, A., Laursen, P. N., Zeuthen, N. & Baker-Knight, J. Impact of BMI and comorbidities on efficacy of once-weekly semaglutide: Post hoc analyses of the STEP 1 randomized trial. Obesity 31, 990–999 (2023).
Google Scholar
Rubino, D. M. et al. Effect of Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Daily Liraglutide on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity Without Diabetes: The STEP 8 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 327, 138–150 (2022).
Google Scholar
Davies, M. et al. Semaglutide 2·4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 397, 971–984 (2021).
Google Scholar
Kadowaki, T. et al. Semaglutide once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, with or without type 2 diabetes in an east Asian population (STEP 6): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3a trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 10, 193–206 (2022).
Google Scholar
Caruso, I. et al. Glucometabolic outcomes of GLP-1 receptor agonist-based therapies in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 64, 102181 (2023).
Google Scholar
Jastreboff, A. M. et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N. Engl. J. Med. 387, 205–216 (2022).
Google Scholar
Wadden, T. A. et al. Tirzepatide after intensive lifestyle intervention in adults with overweight or obesity: the SURMOUNT-3 phase 3 trial. Nat. Med. 29, 2909–2918 (2023).
Google Scholar
Aronne, L. J. et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA (2023).
Garvey, W. T. et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet (2023).
Malhotra, A. et al. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. N. Engl. J. Med. (2024).
Loomba, R. et al. Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. (2024).
Alkhezi, O. S. et al. Comparative effectiveness of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the management of obesity in adults without diabetes: A network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Obes. Rev. 24, e13543 (2023).
Google Scholar
Jastreboff, A. M. et al. Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity – A Phase 2 Trial. N. Engl. J. Med. 389, 514–526 (2023).
Google Scholar
Frias, J. P. et al. Efficacy and safety of co-administered once-weekly cagrilintide 2·4 mg with once-weekly semaglutide 2·4 mg in type 2 diabetes: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet 402, 720–730 (2023).
Google Scholar
Knop, F. K. et al. Oral semaglutide 50 mg taken once per day in adults with overweight or obesity (OASIS 1): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 402, 705–719 (2023).
Google Scholar
Wharton, S. et al. Daily Oral GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Orforglipron for Adults with Obesity. N. Engl. J. Med. 389, 877–888 (2023).
Google Scholar
Nahra, R. et al. Effects of Cotadutide on Metabolic and Hepatic Parameters in Adults With Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: A 54-Week Randomized Phase 2b Study. Diabetes Care 44, 1433–1442 (2021).
Google Scholar
Golubic, R. et al. Dual glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptor agonism reduces energy intake in type 2 diabetes with obesity. Diabetes Obes. Metab. (2024).
Nalisa, D. L. et al. Efficacy and safety of Mazdutide on weight loss among diabetic and non-diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front. Endocrinol. 15, 1309118 (2024).
Google Scholar
Romero-Gómez, M. et al. A phase IIa active-comparator-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of efinopegdutide in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Hepatol. 79, 888–897 (2023).
Google Scholar
Ji, L. et al. A phase 2 randomised controlled trial of mazdutide in Chinese overweight adults or adults with obesity. Nat. Commun. 14, 8289 (2023).
Google Scholar
Ahmad, N. N., Robinson, S., Kennedy-Martin, T., Poon, J. L. & Kan, H. Clinical outcomes associated with anti-obesity medications in real-world practice: A systematic literature review. Obes. Rev. 22, e13326 (2021).
Google Scholar
Wharton, S. et al. Real-World Clinical Effectiveness of Liraglutide 3.0 mg for Weight Management in Canada. Obesity 27, 917–924 (2019).
Google Scholar
Leventhal-Perek, S., Shani, M. & Schonmann, Y. Effectiveness and persistence of anti-obesity medications (liraglutide 3 mg, lorcaserin, and orlistat) in a real-world primary care setting. Fam. Pract. 40, 629–637 (2023).
Google Scholar
Park, J. H. et al. Effectiveness of liraglutide 3 mg for the treatment of obesity in a real-world setting without intensive lifestyle intervention. Int. J. Obes. 45, 776–786 (2021).
Google Scholar
Liao, Y.-N. et al. Chinese herbal medicine is associated with higher body weight reduction than liraglutide among the obese population: A real-world comparative cohort study. Front. Pharmacol. 13, 978814 (2022).
Google Scholar
Gorgojo-Martínez, J. J., Basagoiti-Carreño, B., Sanz-Velasco, A., Serrano-Moreno, C. & Almodóvar-Ruiz, F. Effectiveness and tolerability of orlistat and liraglutide in patients with obesity in a real-world setting: The XENSOR Study. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 73, e13399 (2019).
Google Scholar
Trenson, L. et al. Liraglutide for Weight Management in the Real World: Significant Weight Loss Even if the Maximal Daily Dose Is Not Achieved. Obes. Facts 15, 83–89 (2022).
Google Scholar
Alshehri, A., AlFaris, N., Al Qahtani, A. M., Shams, M. & Yahia, M. Clinical effectiveness of Liraglutide 3.0 mg and impact of weight loss in improving obesity-related comorbid conditions in King Fahad Medical City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A real-world experience. Clin. Obes. 13, e12594 (2023).
Google Scholar
Santini, S. et al. Marked weight loss on liraglutide 3.0 mg: Real-life experience of a Swiss cohort with obesity. Obesity 31, 74–82 (2023).
Google Scholar
Schultes, B., Timper, K., Cavadini, G., Rüh, J. & Gerber, P. A. Weight loss and treatment patterns in a real-world population of adults receiving liraglutide 3.0 mg for weight management in routine clinical practice in Switzerland (ADDRESS study). Diabetes Obes. Metab. (2023).
Sbraccia, P., Aberle, J., Olsen, A. H., Rathor, N. & Major-Pedersen, A. Investigating the potential non-authorized use of two different formulations of liraglutide in Europe: A real-world drug utilization study. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 25, 985–991 (2023).
Google Scholar
Haase, C. L. et al. Use of Liraglutide 3.0 mg for Weight Management in a Real-World Setting in Switzerland. Obes. Facts 14, 568–576 (2021).
Google Scholar
Park, J. S., Kwon, J., Choi, H. J. & Lee, C. Clinical effectiveness of liraglutide on weight loss in South Koreans: First real-world retrospective data on Saxenda in Asia. Medicine 100, e23780 (2021).
Google Scholar
Calderon, G. et al. Effectiveness of anti-obesity medications approved for long-term use in a multidisciplinary weight management program: a multi-center clinical experience. Int. J. Obes. 46, 555–563 (2022).
Google Scholar
Rye, P., Modi, R., Cawsey, S. & Sharma, A. M. Efficacy of High-Dose Liraglutide as an Adjunct for Weight Loss in Patients with Prior Bariatric Surgery. Obes. Surg. 28, 3553–3558 (2018).
Google Scholar
Alabduljabbar, K., Alsaqaaby, M., Neff, K. J., Crotty, M. & le Roux, C. W. Weight loss response in patients with obesity treated with injectable semaglutide in a real-world setting. Endocrine (2023).
Xiang, J. et al. Clinical effectiveness of semaglutide on weight loss, body composition, and muscle strength in Chinese adults. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 27, 9908–9915 (2023).
Google Scholar
Ferrari, F. et al. Weight loss effect of liraglutide in real-life: the experience of a single Italian obesity center. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 43, 1779–1785 (2020).
Google Scholar
Wilmington, R., Ardavani, A., Simenacz, A., Green, C. & Idris, I. Liraglutide 3.0 mg (Saxenda©) for Weight Loss and Remission of Pre-Diabetes. Real-World Clinical Evaluation of Effectiveness among Patients Awaiting Bariatric Surgery. Obes. Surg. (2023).
Jensen, A. B. et al. Efficacy of the Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists Liraglutide and Semaglutide for the Treatment of Weight Regain After Bariatric surgery: a Retrospective Observational Study. Obes. Surg. 33, 1017–1025 (2023).
Google Scholar
Ghusn, W. et al. Weight loss and cardiovascular disease risk outcomes of semaglutide: a one-year multicentered study. Int. J. Obes. 48, 662–667 (2024).
Ruseva, A. et al. Semaglutide 2.4 mg clinical outcomes in patients with obesity or overweight in a real-world setting: A 6-month retrospective study in the United States (SCOPE). Obes. Sci. Pract. 10, e737 (2024).
Google Scholar
Muratori, F. et al. Efficacy of liraglutide 3.0 mg treatment on weight loss in patients with weight regain after bariatric surgery. Eat. Weight Disord. 27, 2775–2781 (2022).
Google Scholar
Perreault, L. et al. Changes in Glucose Metabolism and Glycemic Status With Once-Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide 2.4 mg Among Participants With Prediabetes in the STEP Program. Diabetes Care 45, 2396–2405 (2022).
Google Scholar
Wilkinson, L. et al. Effect of semaglutide 2.4 mg once weekly on 10-year type 2 diabetes risk in adults with overweight or obesity. Obesity 31, 2249–2259 (2023).
Google Scholar
Hankosky, E. R. et al. Tirzepatide reduces the predicted risk of developing type 2 diabetes in people with obesity or overweight: Post hoc analysis of the SURMOUNT-1 trial. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 25, 3748–3756 (2023).
Google Scholar
Sandforth, A. et al. Mechanisms of weight loss-induced remission in people with prediabetes: a post-hoc analysis of the randomised, controlled, multicentre Prediabetes Lifestyle Intervention Study (PLIS). Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 11, 798–810 (2023).
Google Scholar
Wilding, J. P. H. et al. Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 24, 1553–1564 (2022).
Google Scholar
Writing Group for the CKD Prognosis Consortium et al. Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, Albuminuria, and Adverse Outcomes: An Individual-Participant Data Meta-Analysis. JAMA 330, 1266–1277 (2023).
Google Scholar
Heerspink, H. J. L. et al. Effects of Semaglutide on Albuminuria and Kidney Function in People With Overweight or Obesity With or Without Type 2 Diabetes: Exploratory Analysis From the STEP 1, 2, and 3 Trials. Diabetes Care 46, 801–810 (2023).
Google Scholar
Michos, E. D., Bakris, G. L., Rodbard, H. W. & Tuttle, K. R. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in diabetic kidney disease: A review of their kidney and heart protection. Am. J. Prev. Cardiol. 14, 100502 (2023).
Google Scholar
Effect of weight reductions on estimated kidney function: Post-hoc analysis of two randomized trials. J. Diabetes Complicat. 31, 1164–1168 (2017).
Heerspink, H. J. L. et al. Effects of tirzepatide versus insulin glargine on kidney outcomes in type 2 diabetes in the SURPASS-4 trial: post-hoc analysis of an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 10, 774–785 (2022).
Google Scholar
Sattar, N. et al. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. The lancet. Diabetes Endocrinol. 9, 653–662 (2021).
Google Scholar
Lincoff, A. M. et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 389, 2221–2232 (2023).
Google Scholar
Caruso, I. et al. Commentary: Glucose control: Not just a bystander in GLP-1RA-mediated cardiovascular protection. Metabolism 109, 154272 (2020).
Google Scholar
Lingvay, I. et al. Semaglutide for cardiovascular event reduction in people with overweight or obesity: SELECT study baseline characteristics. Obesity 31, 111–122 (2023).
Google Scholar
Look AHEAD Research Group et al. Association of the magnitude of weight loss and changes in physical fitness with long-term cardiovascular disease outcomes in overweight or obese people with type 2 diabetes: a post-hoc analysis of the Look AHEAD randomised clinical trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 4, 913–921 (2016).
Google Scholar
Sattar, N. et al. Twenty Years of Cardiovascular Complications and Risk Factors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Swedish Cohort Study. Circulation 147, 1872–1886 (2023).
Google Scholar
Kosiborod, M. N. et al. Semaglutide in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. N. Engl. J. Med. 389, 1069–1084 (2023).
Google Scholar
Rinella, M. E. et al. AASLD Practice Guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 77, 1797–1835 (2023).
Google Scholar
Liao, C., Liang, X., Zhang, X. & Li, Y. The effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on visceral fat and liver ectopic fat in an adult population with or without diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 18, e0289616 (2023).
Google Scholar
Lazarus, J. V. et al. Opportunities and challenges following approval of resmetirom for MASH liver disease. Nat. Med. (2024).
Newsome, P. N. & Ambery, P. Incretins (GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual/triple agonists) and the liver. J. Hepatol. 79, 1557–1565 (2023).
Google Scholar
Loomba, R. et al. Semaglutide 2·4 mg once weekly in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-related cirrhosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8, 511–522 (2023).
Google Scholar
Pugliese, G. et al. Liraglutide and polycystic ovary syndrome: is it only a matter of body weight? J. Endocrinol. Invest. 46, 1761–1774 (2023).
Google Scholar
Moon, K. H., Park, S. Y. & Kim, Y. W. Obesity and Erectile Dysfunction: From Bench to Clinical Implication. World J. Mens Health 37, 138–147 (2019).
Google Scholar
Xing, C., Zhao, H., Zhang, J. & He, B. Effect of metformin versus metformin plus liraglutide on gonadal and metabolic profiles in overweight patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Front. Endocrinol. 13, 945609 (2022).
Google Scholar
Salamun, V., Jensterle, M., Janez, A. & Vrtacnik Bokal, E. Liraglutide increases IVF pregnancy rates in obese PCOS women with poor response to first-line reproductive treatments: a pilot randomized study. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 179, 1–11 (2018).
Google Scholar
Cignarelli, A. et al. Role of Glucose-Lowering Medications in Erectile Dysfunction. J. Clin. Med. Res. 10, 2501 (2021).
Bajaj, H. S. et al. Erectile function in men with type 2 diabetes treated with dulaglutide: an exploratory analysis of the REWIND placebo-controlled randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 9, 484–490 (2021).
Google Scholar
Shamsuzzaman, A. S. M., Gersh, B. J. & Somers, V. K. Obstructive sleep apnea: implications for cardiac and vascular disease. JAMA 290, 1906–1914 (2003).
Google Scholar
Malhotra, A. et al. 0567 Tirzepatide for the Treatment of OSA: Rationale and Design of the SURMOUNT-OSA Phase 3 Trial. Sleep 46, A249–A250 (2023).
Google Scholar
Bliddal, H., Leeds, A. R. & Christensen, R. Osteoarthritis, obesity and weight loss: evidence, hypotheses and horizons – a scoping review. Obes. Rev. 15, 578–586 (2014).
Google Scholar
Meurot, C. et al. Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, exerts analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-degradative actions in osteoarthritis. Sci. Rep. 12, 1567 (2022).
Google Scholar
Gudbergsen, H. et al. Liraglutide after diet-induced weight loss for pain and weight control in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 113, 314–323 (2021).
Google Scholar
Zhu, H. et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists as a disease-modifying therapy for knee osteoarthritis mediated by weight loss: findings from the Shanghai Osteoarthritis Cohort. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 82, 1218–1226 (2023).
Google Scholar
Wharton, S. et al. Gastrointestinal tolerability of once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg in adults with overweight or obesity, and the relationship between gastrointestinal adverse events and weight loss. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 24, 94–105 (2022).
Google Scholar
Horn, D. B., Almandoz, J. P. & Look, M. What is clinically relevant weight loss for your patients and how can it be achieved? A narrative review. Postgrad. Med. 134, 359–375 (2022).
Google Scholar
Ganguly, R. et al. Persistence of newer anti-obesity medications in a real-world setting. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 143, 348–356 (2018).
Google Scholar
Guy, A. et al. Adherence to liraglutide among individuals with overweight and obesity: Patient characteristics and clinical measures. Diabetes Obes. Metab. (2024).
Bomberg, E. M. et al. Precision medicine in adult and pediatric obesity: a clinical perspective. Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab. 10, 2042018819863022 (2019).
Google Scholar
Webster, C. M., Mittal, N., Dhurandhar, E. J. & Dhurandhar, N. V. Potential contributors to variation in weight-loss response to liraglutide. Obes. Rev. 24, e13568 (2023).
Google Scholar
Rehfeld, J. F. The Origin and Understanding of the Incretin Concept. Front. Endocrinol. 9, 387 (2018).
Google Scholar